Two-sample statistics (Null Hypothesis Significance Testing and Effect Size)We used several online calculators for these straightforward analyses. One example appears here, for each analysis, all using the same example data files from the folder All the tests are simply paste-and-click, so only the output for each example is shown here.Two-sample t-test, F-test, and Welch test (if variances unequal by the F-test)http://vassarstats.net/tu.htmlUse the Independent Samples option.Paste in the data from the example data file Triple_Filtered_Hallux_Claw_Cling_NoCling
Correlation coefficient with 95%CI (Effect Size) and P-value for correlation http://vassarstats.net/corr_big.htmlPaste in both columns of the example data file Triple_Filtered_Culmen_and_Hallux_Claw.xlsx
Effect size with 95% CI for difference between two samples (Hedge�s gpooled)https://effect-size-calculator.herokuapp.com/#form2Note: For most of the Hedge�s g computations in our paper, we used the R package gethedgesg (Goulet-Pelletier and Cousineau 2018), but the code no longer runs, for lack of a function from an extinct package. The above link to the calculator by James Uanhoro uses an identical approach (we have corresponded with Uanhoro). Be aware that other R packages may give different values, as opinions and definitions vary, particularly regarding the CI).Use the Independent Samples t-Test option.Paste in the Means and Sample SDs (below the data columns) from the example data file Triple_Filtered_Hallux_Claw_Cling_NoCling. The output for �Lower limit on d� and �Upper limit on d� are the correct 95% CI values for Hedge�s g (as well as for Cohen�s d).